Essay Is Monogamy the Best Form of Marriage - 588 Words

Is Monogamy the Best Form of Marriage? In the United States, marriage is a commitment two people make for the rest of their lives. The average American marriage lasts seven years. Well over half of all marriages end in divorce (Francouer, 72). Statistics in the infidelity have rose fifty percent since the 1970s and is rising all the time. The divorce count in this country is now up to one out of every three-marriage end in divorce. Serial polygamy is a common lifestyle for those who are divorced and then become remarried. The relationship between a husband and wife should be sacred and trustworthy. Without the trust and honesty there is no marriage. Monogamy is the loving, sharing, and devoting ones self to another person for†¦show more content†¦However, less than one-third of the twenty-nine monogamous cultures completely disapprove of both premarital and extramarital relations (Francouer 72). For centuries, marriage was a dynastic affair, arranged by the parents and families. During the Middle Ages, they thought of marriage as a passionate love for an unattainable woman, usually the wife of a noble lord. In the 1970s, extramarital sex was estimated at as many as fifty-seventy percent of husbands and wives had been unfaithful at least once during their marriage (Francouer 73). However, in the 1990s, things have changed a little. People do not respect to abide by the Catholic Church laws, such as premarital sex is wrong and divorce is not allowed in the church. Nowadays, you see kids having kids and a child having two different immediate families. Two people in a marriage who are totally committed to each other will nourish and grow closer each and every day they are married. Having this commitment brings the husband and wife together as one. Monogamy fulfills a relationship with love and honesty. Although, some people believe they need to express their love to more than one person. They feel that one person is not enough to keep them satisfied emotionally, spiritually, and also physically. People believe that not being monogamous will open yourShow MoreRelatedThe s Opinion On Monogamy1037 Words   |  5 Pagesopinion on monogamy relates well in theory and reinforces current societal norms . However, her argument lacks research to support her view, while giving few examples of the benefits of monogamy she relinquishes any depth and breadth in her opinion, leaving out any clarity on this matter. Gordeau’s points†¦ â€Å"Humans are among just 3% of mammals that form pair bonds, she says.† (Taverner p. 74) - Only 3% of mammals pair bonds is an extremely low percentage and does not support the case for monogamy. MoreoverRead MoreMarriage Is The Central And Most Important Social Institution1503 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage is a form of union between two people, in which comes with love, respect, responsibilities, mutual conjugal rights, and a family. In many cultures, marriage is the central and most important social institution. In varies in many ways such as rituals, weddings, anniversaries, and as many things in life come to an end, divorce. Across cultures, there will be different forms of marriages, some may be out of societies norms and some can be the right thing to do when it comes to culture. PolygamyRead MoreThe Social Arrangement That Permits Have More Than One Wife At The Same Time Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world. Although looked down upon by societies views mainly in developed countries, among the 849 human societies, 75 percent practice polygyny. Seeing this, although common in developed countries, it poses a question for the origin of monogamy. Is monogamy really the prevalent practice or simply a moral ideology? Ancient Hebrews, Mormons in the United States and Chinese traditionalists, originated the practice of polygyny, however the modern day practice is concentrated in Africa, the MiddleRead MoreEssay about Is Monogamy the Best Option?2638 Words   |  11 PagesIs monogamy really the best relationship dynamic for everyone? Are people being honest with themselves, their lovers, or even their spouses in regards to monogamy? Apparently they are not, due to the seemingly common occurrence of infidelity in society today. This is why I will explore alternative relationship dynamics, and the pros and cons of monogamy, polyamory and other non-monogamous lifestyles. The idea of non-monogamy seems to be on people’s minds, since it has been coming up in popular cultureRead MoreThe Ultimate Goal Of Romantic Relationships978 Words   |  4 Pagesultimate goal of romantic relationships is to establish a long-term relationship culminating into marriage† (Gala Kapadia 2014). This is the b elief that was instilled in me since I was a child. When I started dating, I had a few relationships that ended after a few months. My parents would continuously ask me â€Å"Why date someone if you have no intention of marrying that person?† However, I was young, marriage was the last thing on my mind. My reasoning was that if I liked the boy, and the boy liked meRead MoreRelationship Between Family And Marriage Patterns898 Words   |  4 Pages In Anthropology we studied the relationship between family and marriage patterns. We live in the 21st century and different cultures have different views on marriage. How has marriage changed over the years, what is the meaning of family and what are the three different types of residence patterns? Relationships have changed and we need to learn more about them. Marriage is commonly thought of as a commitment between a man and a woman, or a man and a man, or a woman and aRead MoreMonogamy Versus Polygamy Essay1884 Words   |  8 PagesSSC 101-2 Research Paper Monogamy versus Polygamy Nobody ever said marriage was easy. Marriage is a vow to remain honest, true, and faithful, and a promise to always love and cherish the chosen one. In many cultures worldwide, young girls dream of the day that her knight in shining armor will come to her, sweep her off her feet, and propose marriage in a rush of romance. This dream of love is instilled in cultural values and beliefs that affect the child throughout his or her upbringing, whichRead MoreA Brief Note On The Union Of Marriage1422 Words   |  6 PagesUnion in marriage has existed in our society for ages and is not a recent concept. It is also referred to as matrimony; it is a publicly recognized union throughout the society between two different persons. In fact, you and I are here because your parents and my parents decided to get married to each other and bear children. Marriage is a form of correlation that involves mutual duties and rights where individuals are communally or socially consented to and initiate a fa mily. Thus, marriage is a worldwideRead MoreFamily As A Social Institution Doc Essay5585 Words   |  23 Pagesï » ¿ INDEX Contents Page No: 1. Introduction 03 1.1 Definition Of Family 03 1.2 Only Child families 03 1.3 Largest Families 03-04 1.4 Single Parent families 04 1.5 Marriage 04 1.6 Types of Marriage 04-05 1.7 Mate Selection 05 2. Structure of Family 05-07 3. Stages of Family 07 3.1 Stage One 07 3.2 Stage Two 07 3.3 Stage Three 07 3.4 Stage Four 07-08 3.5 Stage Five 08 3.6 Stage Six 08 4. Role Of Family 08-09 4.1 Toward children 09 4.2 Toward Parent 09-10 5. Theoretical analysis of the family 10Read MoreMonogamy Vs Polygamy1254 Words   |  6 Pagespolygamy, even though individuals are allowed to be romantically involved with others, it must be communicated with the partner or partners. Some would say it makes certain things more complicated while some might argue that it helps in ways that monogamy simply cannot fulfill. While polygamy is controversial throughout the world, and in some places even illegal, those who choose to participate in it find a great deal of satisfaction. When analyzing polygamy through the lens of Joseph Brodsky’s â€Å"In

Terrorism In The Olympics Essay - 1139 Words

Terrorism and Security in the Olympics Security is a fundamental notion in sports. Nowadays athletes are viewed often through the media, therefore they are recognizable. In the Olympics security measures must be taken to protect the athletes. There are many different nationalities involved therefore security has to be taken in order to ensure that there aren’t conflicting views that could possibly be damaging towards another team. But quite often it cannot be prevented. On the morning of September 5, 1972, the members of the Israeli delegation awoke in their quarters in the Olympic village to the desperate cries of wrestling referee Joseph Gottfreund. Eight Arab commandos (from the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September)†¦show more content†¦A new plan was put into effect. West German officials started to focus their time on getting the Arabs and their hostages out of the Olympic Village. This would allow German sharpshooters to put some control over the commandos. This seemed like a better alternative a pose to storming the compound and dangering the lives of the Israeli hostages and other athletes. Negotiations lasted until shortly after 9:00 p.m. The West Germans has successfully persuaded the Arab commandos to leave the compound with their hostages. The commandos agreed to leave on a flight to an Arab country together with their hostages. They made their was towards the Furstenfeldbruck military airport, a fifteen mile trek away from Munich. The Arab commandos anticipated that something could threaten their plans. In order to control their hostages they split them up into two groups and tied and blindfolded them. They were also aware of two potential traps the West Germans had set for them. The sharpshooters were placed along the path the Arab commandos had to walk their hostage’s two helicopters that had flown them from Munich to a waiting jet. The nine Israeli sportsmen were led out handcuffed to each other to two helicopters, which were to fly them to the airport. This was the only opportunity the West Germans had to prevent the Arabs from leaving the country. As the first group of Arabs and hostages walked toShow MoreRelatedTerrorism in the Olympics Essay1151 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism and Security in the Olympics Security is a fundamental notion in sports. Nowadays athletes are viewed often through the media, therefore they are recognizable. In the Olympics security measures must be taken to protect the athletes. There are many different nationalities involved therefore security has to be taken in order to ensure that there arent conflicting views that could possibly be damaging towards another team. But quite often it cannot be prevented. On the morning ofRead MoreWas the Security Prepared for the London 2012 Olympics?816 Words   |  4 PagesLondon Olympics were held at the Olympic Park in East London from Friday, July 27, 2012 to Sunday, August 12, 2012. The Olympics have been held in London two times before the 2012 Olympics, once in 1908 and once in 1948 (Scott). Over 10,500 athletes participated from over 204 countries, over 120,000 people were going to the Olympic Park every day to watch the Olympics. Over 302 medal events were being held, with three swimmers being the top medalists in the 2012 London Olympics (â€Å"Olympics†). ThereRead MoreA Paper on Britains Security Position1337 Words   |  5 Pagespolitics and how this is set to change over the next decade. This briefing paper will concentrate and focus on Britains Security Position. Today, Britain faces a different and more complex range of threats from a myriad of sources. These include terrorism, cyber-attack, unconventional attacks using chem ical, nuclear or biological weapons, as well as large scale accidents or natural hazards. In this briefing paper, we will discuss what Britains distinctive role should be in the coming years, the futureRead MoreThe World Shook With Terror1593 Words   |  7 Pagesa group of eight Palestinian terrorists killed two Israeli Olympic team members and took nine hostage, during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. Prior to the hostage crisis, the games had run smoothly and were into their second week of competition. The games were used to present a new identity of democracy and optimism for Germany. This was the first-time Germany had been allowed to host the games since the 1936 Berlin Olympics, which still loomed in international sporting arena and raisedRead MoreThe 2016 Olympic Games1576 Words   |  7 Pages2016 Olympic Games will be held in Rio de Janeiro in August from the 5th to the 21st at 32 different venues. The soccer matches will be held at the stadiums in Sao Paulo, Salvador, Belo Horizonte and Brasilia from August the 3rd to through to the 20th. In July, the Brazilian police arrested and detained 12 people who were suspected of planning an ISIS – inspired attack. There has not been any public disclosure about a credible plot on the Olympic games. Throughout the duration of the Olympic gamesRead MoreRisk Management At Rio Olympics 2016 Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pageslong-awaited decision of making Rio de Janeiro the host of the 2016 Olympic Games with tremendous excitement. Although Rio’s fantastic natural beauty added to its attraction in hosting the games, its alarming rates of public health and security issues immediately triggered worldwide criticism. This makes the stakes very high when hosting the Olympic Games. This paper examines the process of risk assessment and risk response in relation Rio Olympics 2016. The paper explores the consensus that Brazilians willRead More The Olympic Games in Munich of 1972 Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"No kind of demonstration or political, religious or racial propaganda is permitted in any Olympic sites, venues or other areas† (Advertising, Demonstrations, Propaganda* 98). This rule shows just what the Germans were hoping for, a peaceful, passive, war-free environment in which countries can get together and compete. Although we all know that quite the antithesis was upon the 1972 Olympics in Munich between September the fifth and September the sixth. The Munich Massacre, one of the worstRead MoreThe Olympics s Impact On The Olympic Arena1243 Words   |  5 Pagessince its inception in 1896, the Modern Olympics has hosted an invisible sport: politics. The Olympics calls for â€Å"a halt to all conflicts †¦ [and to] strive towards a more peaceful world,† but politics soon spoiled its biennial message. â€Å"As the Olympics continue to dissolve into †¦ a political competition †¦ they no longer †¦ justify the time and trouble,† Dave Anderson, Pulitzer Prize winner for his sports column, wrote in the New York Times in 1984. The Olympic spirit has routinely been used as an outletRead MoreTerrorists in the 1972 Munich Olympic Games1241 Words   |  5 PagesOn September fifth, 1972, the terrorist group, Black September, took nine Israeli athletes hostage during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games. Black September was a small group of Palestinian militants, almost unknown to the world before the Munich Games. The group belonged to the PLO, or the Palestinian Liberation Organization. The origin of Black September’s anger goes back to the long-lasting conflict between the Palestinians and the Israelis, which dates back thousands of years . Black September hadRead MoreThe Munich Massacre : A Survivor s Story1487 Words   |  6 PagesInternational sporting events continually face political terrorism, bringing fear to those who gathered for entertainment. According to articles published in the Guardian, Time Magazine, and CNN, the most detrimental disruption by politics in the Olympics occurred at the 1972 Germany Summer Games. On 5 September 1972, the Palestinian group Black September broke into the Israeli athletes’ quarters armed with guns. The 21 hour standoff, more famously known as the Munich massacre, resulted in 17 deaths

Wireless Networks and Security Wired Network - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWireless Networks and Security Wired Network. Answer Introduction Wireless communication technology can be defined as the modern option to the traditional wired network [3]. All the wired networks eventually rely on the cables that are utilized for the successful connection between the digital devices. However, the wireless networks do not rely on any wire or cables. It is completely free from the wires and hence termed as wireless in nature. All the wireless technologies are utilized in house as well as business computers for the purpose of various utilizations [11]. There are several important advantages of these wireless technologies. They are responsible for reducing the overall cost of the networks and thus are used by all. The various types of wireless network technologies mainly include Bluetooth, wireless fidelity, 3rd generation communication, 4th generation communication, home automation standards and many more [5]. The following report will be providing a detailed description on the wireless networking and its concepts. All the wireless technologies provide advantages of mobility to the users. This report will be focusing on a precise comparison between the various wireless technologies and thus providing all the details related to wireless communication. Moreover, a proper evaluation will also be done on the standards of wireless communication for CPS as well as IoT. Proper justification will be provided on the best technology. Discussion Comparison of 3 Wireless Communication Technologies The comparison of 3 important wireless communication technologies is given below: Main Factors Satellite communication Technology Wireless Fidelity Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access i) Communication Spectrum There are several communication spectra in satellite [7]. There are six bands in satellite that are L-band, S-band, C-band, X-band, Ku-band and Ka-band. The frequency spectra are 1-2 GHz, 2-4 GHz, 4-8 GHz, 8-12 GHz, 12-18 GHz and 26-40 GHz. Eight protocols are present with their own frequency spectrum. They are IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ad, IEEE 802.11af, and IEEE 802.11ah. the spectra are 5 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, 60 GHz, below 1 GHz and 700 MHz [1]. Two protocols of WiMax are present [14]. They are IEEE 802.16e and IEEE 802.16d. Frequencies are 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz in IEEE 802.16e and 3.5 GHZ and 5.8 GHz for IEEE 802.16d. ii) Modulation Techniques Three techniques are present. They are OQPSK or orthogonal quadrature phase shift keying, BPSK or binary phase key shifting and QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying [12]. The modulation techniques for the wireless fidelity are QPSK or Quadrature Phase Shift Keying and CCK or complementary coded keying [3]. The modulation techniques for the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access are 16 QAM, 64 QAM 64 quadrature amplitude modulation, BPSK and QPSK. iii) Medium Access Control Mechanism Protocols for MAC are TDMA or time division multiple access and FDMA or frequency division multiple access [13]. The medium access control mechanism of the wireless fidelity depends on the specifications of IEEE 802.11. The protocols of MAC within the WiMax are eventually used with the purpose to fulfil every connection of point to multipoint [8]. iv) Network Technologies Three topologies: point to point topology, hybrid topology and switched topology. Two topologies: Mesh topology and black-haul topology [3]. Three topologies: bridge topology, AP based topology and point to multipoint topology. Evaluation of 9 Wireless Communication Standards for CPS and IoT The standards, supporting the several important levels of communication are referred to as the wireless communication standards. Several kinds of such standards are present in networking [2]. The enhancement or advancement of these standards is important for the wireless networking field. The detailed evaluation of the several wireless communication standards are provided below: i) UHF RFID and NFC: This type of RFID reader comprises of the ultra high frequency and is responsible for providing network of the higher frequency level [14]. For the Internet of Things or IoT, the acquisition of data is eventually checked for the purpose of meeting all the requirements. The layer of perception with the Internet of Things needs various practical requirements that need to fulfil. Since, power consumption of the ultra high frequency RFID is lower than the rest; it has the core capability in doing so. For the CPS or cyber physical systems, each and every computational entity combines with any physical system [1]. UHF RFID is the type for CPS as all the controlling elements or storage functions remain within this network. NFC or the Near Field Communications is the proper group of various protocols that are being used for the purpose of communication and thus allowing the most safe as well as secured communication amongst them. The only limitation in this network is that without smart phones, it is not possible to use this [4]. When this is integrated with IoT, security is explicitly higher than the rest and also becomes more convenient. When, NFC is integrated with CPS, any cyber attack like relay attacks or eavesdropping are solved. ii) ZigBee and Z-Wave: ZigBee protocol when integrated with the Internet of Things helps to give high security and privacy. This type of integration is done through the gateways of this protocol [6]. Stability is also obtained in IoT. Moreover, due to the presence of a low power microcontroller and low power consumption, ZigBee is responsible is giving high security to cyber physical systems. Another important standard of the wireless networking is Z-Wave. Mesh network is present here and it reduces the complexities of the wireless networking. Low energy radio waves are present here, hence reducing the consumption of energy [10]. The power of IoT is from IoT. The coverage area is huge here. For cyber physical systems, Z-Wave is used in various domains like medical field or robotics. Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy: Various data transfers are possible in this particular wireless network with lowest data consumption. The disadvantage of this network is that the distance coverage is lower [3]. Within IoT, easy or simple communication is present and in CPS, Bluetooth is being connected with every device. Bluetooth 4.0 or Bluetooth low energy is the perfect combination of wireless networking and ICT. House alerting system is the most basic type of Bluetooth 4.0 with the integration of IoT and various crimes are mitigated with this [8]. For the case of cyber physical systems, Bluetooth low energy connects with all the slave microcontrollers and master systems. iv) Cellular Systems: These types of systems are known as the cell networks, used for communication purpose. With the Internet of Things, cellular systems are referred to as Cellular IoT or CIoT. Various technologies like NB-IoT, EC-GSM IoT or LTE-M are the proper examples of cellular internet of things [12]. The access of radio is extremely easy with this. For the CPS, any cellular system is referred to as mobile cyber physical system or cell phone. These are then utilized to provide various radios of communication and even intelligent applications. v) IEEE 802.11p: It is the approved addition to the standard of IEEE 802.11 to WAVE or wireless access in vehicular environments. The definition of this wireless standard is that it is required for supporting the ITS or intelligent transportation systems applications [1]. It provides vehicular communication, when integrated with Internet of Things and for CPS, smart transportation is the application. vi) LPWAN: Low Power Wide Area Network or simply LPWAN is the type of WAN communication with extremely longer range of coverage. With the integration of Internet of Things, the various networks are Ingenu, Weightless SIG and Sigfox [5]. Cost effectiveness is the most important feature. In case of Cyber physical systems, high coverage network connection is provided. Selection of Wireless Technology based on Performance The best selected network on the basis of the cyber physical system and internet of things is UHF RFID. Since, the bandwidth and frequency is higher than the remaining; this is considered as the best network after proper evaluation. Therefore, UHF RFID should be utilized. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, conclusion can be drawn that wireless networking is the most significant requirement in the field of networking and its concepts. Wireless networking provides several important advantages to the society by its features and characteristics. It provides the major advantage of freedom to move. Since, no wires are involved in the case; any user can easily utilize this particular network by moving the devices from anywhere and at anytime. Moreover, the securities of this type of network are explicitly higher and thus the users are extremely dependent on this network. The other advantages of this type of network involve being convenient, which refers to the fact that the resources could be easily accessed within the area of coverage of the network. The collaboration is also high in this network and hence complexity is removed. This report has eventually described the various wireless communication technologies with a proper comparison between them. The comparison is done on the basis of their communication spectrum, network topologies, modulation techniques and MAC. Evaluation is also done on various wireless technologies for the internet of things and cyber physical systems. References [1] Burg, Andreas, Anupam Chattopadhyay, and Kwok-Yan Lam. "Wireless Communication and Security Issues for CyberPhysical Systems and the Internet-of-Things."Proceedings of the IEEE106, no. 1 (2018): 38-60. [2] Andrews, Jeffrey G., Xinchen Zhang, Gregory D. Durgin, and Abhishek K. Gupta. "Are we approaching the fundamental limits of wireless network densification?."IEEE Communications Magazine54, no. 10 (2016): 184-190. [3] Dey, Kakan Chandra, Anjan Rayamajhi, Mashrur Chowdhury, Parth Bhavsar, and James Martin. "Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication in a heterogeneous wireless networkPerformance evaluation."Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies68 (2016): 168-184. [4] Xiao, Yang, ed.Security in sensor networks. CRC Press, 2016. [5] Pathan, Al-Sakib Khan, ed.Security of self-organizing networks: MANET, WSN, WMN, VANET. CRC press, 2016. [6] Zhou, Xiangyun, Yan Zhang, and Lingyang Song.Physical layer security in wireless communications. Crc Press, 2016. [7] Zhao, Nan, F. Richard Yu, Ming Li, Qiao Yan, and Victor CM Leung. "Physical layer security issues in interference-alignment-based wireless networks."IEEE Communications Magazine54, no. 8 (2016): 162-168. [8] Chen, Yuang, and Thomas Kunz. "Performance evaluation of IoT protocols under a constrained wireless access network." InSelected Topics in Mobile Wireless Networking (MoWNeT), 2016 International Conference on, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2016. [9] Shin, Seungwon, Lei Xu, Sungmin Hong, and Guofei Gu. "Enhancing network security through software defined networking (SDN)." InComputer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), 2016 25th International Conference on, pp. 1-9. IEEE, 2016. [10] Liyanage, Madhusanka, Ahmed Bux Abro, Mika Ylianttila, and Andrei Gurtov. "Opportunities and challenges of software-defined mobile networks in network security."IEEE Security Privacy14, no. 4 (2016): 34-44. [11] Mahgoub, Imad, and Mohammad Ilyas.Sensor network protocols. CRC press, 2016. [12] Sarkar, Subir Kumar, T. G. Basavaraju, and C. Puttamadappa.Ad hoc mobile wireless networks: principles, protocols, and applications. CRC Press, 2016. He, Debiao, Sherali Zeadally, Neeraj Kumar, and Jong-Hyouk Lee. "Anonymous authentication for wireless body area networks with provable security."IEEE Systems Journal11, no. 4 (2017): 2590-2601. [13] He, Debiao, Sherali Zeadally, Neeraj Kumar, and Jong-Hyouk Lee. "Anonymous authentication for wireless body area networks with provable security."IEEE Systems Journal11, no. 4 (2017): 2590-2601. [14] Makimoto, Mitsuo, and Sadahiko Yamashita.Microwave resonators and filters for wireless communication: theory, design and application. Vol. 4. Springer Science Business Media, 2013.

Manganese Essays - Manganese, Spiegeleisen, Ferromanganese

Manganese Hi, I am Manganese. I am an element discovered in 1774 by the Swedish chemist Johan Gottlieb Gahn. My symbol was devised, coincidentally, by taking the first and third letters in the word manganese. My atomic number is 25, my atomic mass is 54.938, and my density is 7.2. I melt at 1245? C and then in turn I boil at 1962? C. A fact about my ionization energy currently escapes me, but I do have some uses and interesting facts in the rest of the paper. I am used as an antioxidant nutrient, I activate important enzymes that are needed in digestion, and I am the 12th most abundant element in the earth's crust. And now I will switch into a third person perspective because I am bored of talking in the first. Manganese is a silvery, brittle metallic element that is used to strengthen alloys with armor. Manganese metal corrodes in moist air and dissolves in acid. Pure manganese can be obtained by electrolyzing manganese sulfate or by igniting pyrolusite. The free state of the metal only occurs in meteors, but it is found in ores all over the earth, predominantly in Ukraine, Georgia, and South Africa. The alloys which are made with manganese are usually used in steelmaking, are ferromanganese, and spiegeleisen. Manganese dioxide (pyrolusite) is used in dry-cell batteries, paint, varnish oils, coloring glass, ceramics, and in preparing chlorine and iodine. Other forms of manganese are used as oxidizers, disinfectants, and as a depolarizer.